ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™

ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืกืคืงืช - ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื ื–ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื›ืกื”, ื•ืขื“ ืœืื™ื–ื” ืกื›ื•ื.

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉืœื ืขืœื™ื•, ื‘ืื™ืœื• ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืขื“ ืœืื™ื–ื” ืกื›ื•ื. ื›ืฉืืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืืชื ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ - ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชืฉืœื ืื ื™ืงืจื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื.

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื: ืžื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” (ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื), ืžื” ืœื ืžื›ื•ืกื” (ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื), ื•ื›ืžื” (ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช).

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”:

ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ืžืงื™ืฃ, ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ: ืชืื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื ื–ืงื™ ื˜ื‘ืข. ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™: ืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ (ื ื ื™ื— 150,000 ืฉ"ื—). ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื: ื ื–ืง ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช, ื ื”ื’ ืœืœื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ. ืื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื ื’ื ื‘ - ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™. ืื ื ื”ื’ืชื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื’ืฉืชื - ืœื ืชืงื‘ืœื•.

ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช

ืœืžื” ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘?

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื—ืกืจ = ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื—ืœืงื™

ืื ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ืžื•ืš ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ืชื ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘-500,000 ืฉ"ื— ื›ืฉื”ืขืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ? ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžื›ืœ ื ื–ืง.

ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื = ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช

ืœื ืงืจืืชื ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื? ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืงืจื” ืœื›ื ืœื ืžื›ื•ืกื”. ืชืžื™ื“ ืงืจืื• ืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื”.

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ = ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™

ื›ืฉื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื. ืื ื™ืงืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• - ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื›ืกื”.

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ืชืจ = ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื›ืกืฃ

ื’ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื•ื’ื–ื ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘. ืœืžื” ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื? ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.

ืกื•ื’ื™ื

ืกื•ื’ื™ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘

ื—ื•ื‘ื”

ื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื

ืฆื“ ื’ืณ

ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื

ืžืงื™ืฃ

ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš + ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” + ืฆื“ ื’ืณ

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช

ืžืฉืœื™ื

ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื

ืคืจื˜ื™

ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืžืœืื”

ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™

ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”

ืžื‘ื ื”

ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ื™ืจื”

ืชื›ื•ืœื”

ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ืจื”

ืฆื“ ื’ืณ

ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื ืื• ืื•ืจื—ื™ื

ืžืกืคืจื™ื

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืขื ืžืกืคืจื™ื

1

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ืžืงื™ืฃ

ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 120,000 ืฉ"ื—. ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘. ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื ื’ื ื‘ โ† ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื 120,000 ืฉ"ื— (ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ 2,500 ืฉ"ื—). ืกื”"ื› ืคื™ืฆื•ื™: 117,500 ืฉ"ื—.

2

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืขื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื—ืกืจ

ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื” 200,000 ืฉ"ื—, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ืชื ืจืง ื‘-100,000 ืฉ"ื—. ื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 50,000 ืฉ"ื—. ื™ื—ืก ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—: 100,000/200,000 = 50%. ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™: 25,000 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

3

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™

ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคืจื˜ื™ ืขื•ืœื” 80,000 ืฉ"ื—. ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžื›ืกื” ืขื“ 100,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช: 5,000 ืฉ"ื—. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉืœื: 75,000 ืฉ"ื—. ืืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื: 5,000 ืฉ"ื—.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™

ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื•ืจื—ื‘?

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื•ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”). ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื–ืงื™ ืžื™ื, ื ื–ืงื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืฉื‘ืจ ืชืื•ื ืชื™ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืจื›ื™ืฉื”?

ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช. ืคื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื• ืœืกื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืชื•ืกืคืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” (ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช/ื—ื™ื™ื) ืื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.

ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง?

ืื ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ืžื•ืš ืžื”ื ื–ืง ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ืชื ืชื›ื•ืœื” ื‘-100,000 ืฉ"ื— ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ 200,000 ืฉ"ื—, ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžื›ืœ ื ื–ืง. ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ืกืจ".

ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืชืื™ื ืœื™?

ื‘ื“ืงื• ืžื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ืื™ื’ื™ื ืืชื›ื ื•ื•ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื. ืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”. ื”ืฉื•ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืืœื ื’ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™. ื‘ืกืคืง - ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืขื ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.

ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช?

ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ โ€” ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช.

ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื ื