ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ืœืขืกืงื™ื

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉืื™ืช ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื—ืจื™

ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื—ืจื™ - ื˜ื ื“ืจ, ืžืฉืื™ืช ืื• ืจื›ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื•ืชืื ืœืขืกืง. ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื: ื—ื•ื‘ื” 900-4,000 ืฉ"ื—, ืžืงื™ืฃ 2,800-25,000 ืฉ"ื—, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“.

ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื

ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื—ืจื™

ืกื•ื’ ืจื›ื‘
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื‘ื”
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ
ื”ืขืจื”
ื˜ื ื“ืจ (ืขื“ 3.5 ื˜ื•ืŸ)
900-1,400 ืฉ"ื—
2,800-5,500 ืฉ"ื—
ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืกืงื™ื
ืžืฉืื™ืช ืงืœื” (3.5-7 ื˜ื•ืŸ)
1,200-1,800 ืฉ"ื—
4,000-8,000 ืฉ"ื—
ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ C1
ืžืฉืื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช (7-12 ื˜ื•ืŸ)
1,500-2,500 ืฉ"ื—
6,000-12,000 ืฉ"ื—
ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ C
ืžืฉืื™ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื” (ืžืขืœ 12 ื˜ื•ืŸ)
2,000-4,000 ืฉ"ื—
10,000-25,000 ืฉ"ื—
ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ C+E
ืจื›ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืžื ื•ืฃ, ืžืฉืื‘ื”)
1,500-3,000 ืฉ"ื—
8,000-20,000 ืฉ"ื—
ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“
ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื—ืจื™

ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื•ืชื›ื•ืœื”

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืกื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ - ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืกืงื™ ื”ืคืฆื”

ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื•ืชืงืŸ

ืžื ื•ืคื™ื, ืงื™ืจื•ืจ, ืืจื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“

ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื

ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื“ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื›ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช

ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื™

ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ - ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืขืกืง

ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื

ืžื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืจื›ื‘ ืขืกืงื™?

1

ืžืกืคืจ ื ื”ื’ื™ื

ืจื›ื‘ ืขืกืงื™ ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื ื”ื’ื™ื - ืฆืจื™ืš ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื

2

ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช

ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•"ืฉ ืื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช

3

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™

ืื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™ - ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”

4

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืง ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื—ืจื™

ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื—ืจื™?
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืขืกืง ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื•ืชืงืŸ, ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื—ืจื™ = ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื ื–ืง.
ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืžืฉืื™ืช?
ืชืœื•ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ: ื˜ื ื“ืจ ืขื“ 3.5 ื˜ื•ืŸ - ื—ื•ื‘ื” 900-1,400 ืฉ"ื—, ืžืงื™ืฃ 2,800-5,500 ืฉ"ื—. ืžืฉืื™ืช 7-12 ื˜ื•ืŸ - ื—ื•ื‘ื” 1,500-2,500 ืฉ"ื—, ืžืงื™ืฃ 6,000-12,000 ืฉ"ื—. ืžืฉืื™ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืžืขืœ 12 ื˜ื•ืŸ - ื—ื•ื‘ื” 2,000-4,000 ืฉ"ื—, ืžืงื™ืฃ 10,000-25,000 ืฉ"ื—.
ื”ืื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—?
ืœื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘, ืœื ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช "ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื˜ืขืŸ" ื‘ื ืคืจื“. ืขืœื•ืช: ื›-0.5-2% ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืœืฉื ื”. ืœืขืกืงื™ ื”ืคืฆื” ื–ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
ืžื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ื ื”ื’ื™ื?
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื, ืื• "ื›ืœ ื ื”ื’ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”". ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืขื ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื‘ืœ ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ื”ื’ ืœื ืžื•ืจืฉื” = ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™.
ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืœืขืกืงื™ื?
ื›ืŸ. ืขืกืง ืขื ืฆื™ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื (3+) ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ืช ืฆื™ ืฉืœ 10-25%. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืœื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช = ื”ื ื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช.

ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืขืกืง ืขื ืจื›ื‘ื™ื?

ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื™ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื - ืขื ื”ื ื—ืช ืฆื™

ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ
ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื ื