ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ืžื“ืจื™ืš EV 2026

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ - ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืกื•ืœืœื” (50,000-150,000 ืฉ"ื—), ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื™, ื•ืžื•ืกื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื‘ื“ืฃ ื–ื”: ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืฆืขื”, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™, ื•ืžื” ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื”.

ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ

ืœืžื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื”?

ืกื•ืœืœื” ื™ืงืจื”

ืกื•ืœืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขื•ืœื” 50,000-150,000 ืฉ"ื—. ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืœื - ืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ืžื›ื™ืกืš.

ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื™

ื”ืชืงื ื” + ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืขื•ืœื™ื 5,000-15,000 ืฉ"ื—. ืœื ื›ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžื›ืกื”.

ืžื•ืกื›ื™ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื

ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกืš ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘-EV. ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื•ืกื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขื ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื.

ืžื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ

ื—ืžืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืฆืขื”

ืฉืชื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” - ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื, ื‘ื›ืชื‘

1

ื”ืื ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื’ื ื‘ื ื–ืง ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื˜ืขื™ื ื”, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”?

ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื”

ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืจื›ื‘, ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื ื–ืจื, ื‘ืจืง ืื• ืชืงืœืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืจืง ื ื–ืง ืชืื•ื ืชื™ ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœื™ื›ื.

ืื™ืš ื ืฉืžืขืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืคืจื˜ืช ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืžืคื ื” ืœืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”. ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ื›ืœ ืžื›ื•ืกื”" ื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ืื™ื ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.

2

ื”ืื ืžื•ืคื—ืช ืคื—ืช (ื‘ืœืื™) ืžื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื”, ื•ืœืคื™ ืื™ื–ื• ื ื•ืกื—ื”?

ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื”

ื–ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืกื•ืœืœื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื. ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืื• ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจืื–ืณ.

ืื™ืš ื ืฉืžืขืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ืคื—ืช. ืื ืื™ืŸ ืคื—ืช ื›ืœืœ โ€” ื‘ืงืฉื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘.

3

ืžื”ื™ ืชืงืจืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืกื•ืœืœื”, ื•ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืขืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืžื ื”?

ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื”

ืชืงืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ืžืœื".

ืื™ืš ื ืฉืžืขืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืื• ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืชืงืจื” ื”ื™ื ืขืจืš ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”.

4

ื”ืื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœื• ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”?

ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื”

ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืžืืœื™ื• ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื.

ืื™ืš ื ืฉืžืขืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘, ืžื” ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืื ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืœื•ืœื”.

5

ืœืืŸ ื ื’ืจืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘, ื•ืžื™ ืžืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื•?

ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื”

ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกืš ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ื•ื’ืจื™ืจื” ืœืžื•ืกืš ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจืฉื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ื’ื ืžืืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆืจืŸ, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.

ืื™ืš ื ืฉืžืขืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืกื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืžื•ืœื›ื ืื ื”ื“ื’ื ืฉืœื›ื ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื”.

ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”

ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืžืœืื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื”

ื”ื“ืคื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื”, ืžืœืื• ืื•ืชื” ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช - ื•ืจืง ืื– ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”

ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืžืœืื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื”
ืžื” ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื™ืš ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืฆืขื” ืืณ ื”ืฆืขื” ื‘ืณ ื”ืฆืขื” ื’ืณ
ื ื–ืง ืœืกื•ืœืœื” ืžืชืื•ื ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” / ืœื ืžื›ื•ืกื” โ€” โ€” โ€”
ื ื–ืง ืœืกื•ืœืœื” ืžื˜ืขื™ื ื”, ื–ืจื ืื• ื‘ืจืง ืžื›ื•ืกื” / ืœื ืžื›ื•ืกื” โ€” โ€” โ€”
ืคื—ืช (ื‘ืœืื™) ืฉืžื•ืคื—ืช ืžื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื™ืฉ / ืื™ืŸ, ื•ืœืคื™ ืื™ื–ื• ื ื•ืกื—ื” โ€” โ€” โ€”
ืชืงืจืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืกื•ืœืœื” ืกื›ื•ื ื‘ืฉ"ื— โ€” โ€” โ€”
ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืœื•ืœ / ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื / ืœื ื›ืœื•ืœ โ€” โ€” โ€”
ื’ืจื™ืจื” ืœืžื•ืกืš ืฉืžื•ืจืฉื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ื’ื ื›ืœื•ืœ / ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” โ€” โ€” โ€”
ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื™, ื•ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื โ€” โ€” โ€”
ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืกื›ื•ื ื‘ืฉ"ื— โ€” โ€” โ€”
ืขืจืš ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืกื›ื•ื ื‘ืฉ"ื— โ€” โ€” โ€”
ื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืกื›ื•ื ื‘ืฉ"ื— โ€” โ€” โ€”

ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”?

ื›ื™ ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืกื•ืœืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืœื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” - ื”ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขืช ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืฉืžืกืžื ืช "ืžืœื" ืื• "ื—ืœืงื™" ืžื•ืœ ืฉื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืงื•ืจื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื”.

ืžื” ื›ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ - ืงื‘ืขื• ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื”, ื•ืื– ื‘ืงืฉื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ืจืง ืื– ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืช-ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื ืžื•ืš.

ืžื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ

ืฉื™ืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™

ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื“ื’ื - ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื—ืœืงื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื›ื, ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ

ืฉื™ืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™
ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
ืขืจืš ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ื ื’ื–ืจืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ. ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ื” โ€” ืกื›ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ืžื“ื™ ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืžื™ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื–ืง ืฉื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื“ืœืง ื”ื™ื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื›ืืŸ ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืœืคื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื›ื™ื ืœื“ื’ื ืžื™ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื“ื’ื ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืกื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืžืœืื™ ื—ืœืคื™ื ื“ืง, ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœืคืจืžื™ื”.
ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ืขืœืื” ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืคืจืžื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื›ื ื”ืžืœืื” ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื‘ื”ืฆืขื”. ืฉื•ื•ื” ืจืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืจื–ืจื‘ื” ื ื–ื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช.
ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœ-EV ืžื™ื™ืงืจ, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื“ืง ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืกื•ืœืœื”, ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ืช ืœืคืจืžื™ื”. ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข.
ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืœื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชืงื ื” ื•ืžื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื”. ื‘ื“ื’ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืงื˜ื ื”.

* ืคืจืžื™ื™ืช ืžืงื™ืฃ ื ืงื‘ืขืช ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ื ืคืจื˜ื ื™ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืคืจืกืžืช ื›ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ. ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืžื—ืจ ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ.

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™

ืงืจื™ื˜ื™

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืกื•ืœืœื”

ืกื•ืœืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขื•ืœื” 50,000-150,000 ืฉ"ื—. ื•ื•ื“ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืขืจืš.

ื—ืฉื•ื‘

ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื™

ื”ืชืงื ื” + ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืขื•ืœื™ื 5,000-15,000 ืฉ"ื—. ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”.

ื—ืฉื•ื‘

ื ื–ืงื™ ื˜ืขื™ื ื”

ื ื–ืง ืžื–ืจื ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื‘ืจืงื™ื, ืื• ืชืงืœืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื”. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืžื›ืกื•ืช.

ืจืฆื•ื™

ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื—ืฉืžืœื™

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ. ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.

ื—ืฉื•ื‘

ื’ืจื™ืจื” ืœืžื•ืกืš EV

ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกืš ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื. ื•ื•ื“ื ื’ืจื™ืจื” ืœืžื•ืกืš ืžื•ืจืฉื”.

ื—ืฉื•ื‘

ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืขืจืš

ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžืื‘ื“ ืขืจืš ืžื”ืจ. ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืขืจืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™

1

ื•ื•ื“ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืกื•ืœืœื” ืžืœื

ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (50,000-150,000 ืฉ"ื—). ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš ืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื.

2

ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื•ืกื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื

ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกืš ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื. ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื•ืกื›ื™ EV ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš.

3

ืฉืงื•ืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื™

ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืœื” 5,000-15,000 ืฉ"ื—. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš - ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื—. ืื ืื™ืŸ - ืชื›ื ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.

4

ืฉืืœ ืื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื—ืฉืžืœื™

ืื ื”ืชืจื’ืœืช ืœืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื“ืœืง ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืฉืืœ ืžื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื•ืœื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืืœ ืชืกืชืคืง ื‘"ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื™" ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื.

5

ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืช-ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”

ื‘ืงืฉื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขืจืš ืจื›ื‘, ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื–ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื›ืกื” ืคื—ื•ืช.

6

ื‘ื“ืงื• ื”ืกื“ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™

ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืื—ืช.

ืžื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ืคืจื˜ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื•ืœืœื”: ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืคืชื” 50,000-150,000 ืฉ"ื—, ื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžื›ืกื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ืชื ืื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืจื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื โ€” ื”ืื ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื ื–ืง ืชืื•ื ืชื™ ื•ื‘ื ื–ืง ืžื˜ืขื™ื ื”, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœืื™ (ืคื—ืช) ืฉืžื•ืคื—ืช ืžื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™, ื•ืžื”ื™ ืชืงืจืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืขื ืื•ืชื” ืคืจืžื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืช ื›ืืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื›ื‘ ื“ืœืง ืฉืงื•ืœ, ื•ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื•ืช: ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ื’ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื ืžืœืื™ ื”ื—ืœืคื™ื ื“ืง. ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืื™ื–ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืœื ืื™ืคื” ืœื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ: ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื”, ื”ื’ืจื™ืจื” ืœืžื•ืกืš ืฉืžื•ืจืฉื” ืœื“ื’ื ืฉืœื›ื, ื•ื”ืคื—ืช. ืืœื” ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื”.

ื˜ื™ืค ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™: ื‘ืงืฉื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื”

ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง: ืžื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” (ื ื–ืง ืคื™ื–ื™, ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืชื, ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช), ืžื” ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื•ืžื” ื”ื ื•ื”ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœืคื”. ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืฉืืจืช ื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื•ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ - ื–ื• ืขืฆืžื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืฆืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ืฉืืœื• ื’ื ืžื™ ื™ื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ื•ื‘ืงืฉื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื•ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื“ืฃ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื.

ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื›ื

ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆืจืŸ

โ† ื‘ืจืจื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืืŸ ืื™ืœื• ืžื•ืกื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ื“ืงื• ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ืื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืš ืฉื‘ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื–ื”. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกืš ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื›ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”.

ื“ื’ื ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

โ† ืฉืืœื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืจืฉืช ืžื•ืกื›ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื“ื’ื ื•ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื—ืœืฃ. ื‘ื“ื’ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืžืืจื™ื›ื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื.

ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืœื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื”

โ† ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืจื• ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื•ืกืš ื”ืกื“ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื•ื•ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื”: ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื›ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื”, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืžื”ื›ื™ืก.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™

ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™?
ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ. ืคืจืžื™ื™ืช ืžืงื™ืฃ ื ืงื‘ืขืช ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ื ืคืจื˜ื ื™ ืœืคื™ ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืคืจืกืžืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ืžืจืืฉ ืœื“ื’ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืœื ื ืชื•ืŸ. ืžื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื”ืฆืขื”: ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจืชื, ื”ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื›ื ื”ื’ื™ื. ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืžื—ืจ ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ.
ื”ืื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื›ื‘ ื“ืœืง?
ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืŸ, ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช: ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ื’ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืœืื™ ื”ื—ืœืคื™ื ื“ืง. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœื” ืžื™ื™ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœืคืจืžื™ื”. ื”ืคืขืจ ืื™ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื’ื ืœื“ื’ื.
ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื ืคื’ืขืช?
ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช: ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื (ืชืื•ื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื• ื’ื ื ื–ืง ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื˜ืขื™ื ื”, ื‘ื–ืจื ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจืง), ื”ืื ืžื•ืคื—ืช ืคื—ืช ืžื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื•ืœืคื™ ืื™ื–ื• ื ื•ืกื—ื”, ื•ืžื”ื™ ืชืงืจืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™. ื‘ืงืฉื• ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” โ€” ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืืŸ.
ื”ืื ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—?
ืœื ืžืืœื™ื•. ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืœืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ. ืฉืืœื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘, ืžื” ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืœื•ืœื” ืื• ืจืง ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“.
ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืœืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™?
ืœื ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืœื ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืคื™ ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™. ืงื‘ืขื• ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื โ€” ืขืจืš ืจื›ื‘, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื•ืกืš ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช EV โ€” ื•ืื– ื‘ืงืฉื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืช-ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื ืžื•ืš. ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžืจื›ื– ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืœื.
ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™?
ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืชื ืื™ ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ื•ืœื ืœื”ื ื™ื—. ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื“ืจืš ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื• โ€” ื–ื” ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืื—ืช.

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™?

ื”ืฉื•ื• ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืกื•ืœืœื” ืžืœื - ื—ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช

ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ

ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™

ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืœืื” โ†

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘

ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช โ†

ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืœื โ†
ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื ื