ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืงื™ืฃ

ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ - ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืžืœื

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 1,200 ืœ-10,000 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืฉื ื” - ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชืขืฉื”. ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืชื—ืกื•ืš ืœืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื.

1

ื”ื‘ืŸ ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘: ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื‘ื” (ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง), ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’ (ืจืฉื•ืช) ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ (ืจืฉื•ืช). ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžื›ืกื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื‘ื”

ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื ืชื™

800-1,500 ืฉ"ื—

ืžื” ืžื›ื•ืกื”

ื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืœื‘ื“

ืžืชืื™ื ืœ...

ื›ืœ ื ื”ื’ (ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง)

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’

ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื ืชื™

400-1,200 ืฉ"ื—

ืžื” ืžื›ื•ืกื”

ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื

ืžืชืื™ื ืœ...

ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื (5+ ืฉื ื™ื)

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ

ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื ืชื™

2,500-8,000 ืฉ"ื—

ืžื” ืžื›ื•ืกื”

ื›ืœ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘

ืžืชืื™ื ืœ...

ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืงืจื™ื

ืžื” ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื›ืกื”?

ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฆื“ ื’ ืžืงื™ืฃ
ื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืชืื•ื ื” V V V
ื ื–ืง ืœืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ X V V
ื ื–ืง ืœืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืชืื•ื ื” X X V
ื’ื ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ X X V
ืืฉ ื•ื ื–ืงื™ ื˜ื‘ืข X X V
2

ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” "ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ" ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชืŸ, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื:

ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’

ื ื”ื’ ืฆืขื™ืจ (17-24) ืžืฉืœื 50-150% ื™ื•ืชืจ

ื•ืชืง ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ื ื”ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืฉืœื 30-80% ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘

ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืื• ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ - ืคืจืžื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”

ืฉื ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ

ืจื›ื‘ ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ - ืคืจืžื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช

3 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืœื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช - ื”ื ื—ื” 15-30%

ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช

ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” - ืคืจืžื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”

ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื

ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืจืฅ - ืคืจืžื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจืื– ืฉื ืชื™

ื ืกื™ืขื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื” - ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืกื•ืš

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืกืคืจื™ืช

ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืŸ 35 ืขื ื•ืชืง ืฉืœ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื•-3 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืœื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื ื“ืื™ i20 2020 ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ื™ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ ื›-3,200 ืฉ"ื— ืœืฉื ื”.

ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืŸ 22 ืขื ื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ื™ืฉืœื ื›-6,500 ืฉ"ื— - ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื•ืœ!

3

ืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”

ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜. ืชืฉืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš 3 ืฉืืœื•ืช:

ืฉืืœื” 1: ืžื” ืขืจืš ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื™?

ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื•ื•ื” 50,000+ ืฉ"ื—

ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ. ื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืขืจืš ืฉืืชื” ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•.

ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื•ื•ื” 20,000-50,000 ืฉ"ื—

ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืคืจืžื™ื”/ืขืจืš. ื—ืฉื‘ - ืื ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10% ืžืขืจืš ื”ืจื›ื‘, ืฉืงื•ืœ ืฆื“ ื’.

ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-20,000 ืฉ"ื—

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’ + ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื. ื—ืกื•ืš ืืช ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœืจื›ื‘ ื”ื‘ื.

ืฉืืœื” 2: ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื™ื’ื ื‘ ืื• ื™ื™ื”ืจืก?

ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข: ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื ื’ื ื‘ ืื• ื ื”ืจืก ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื›ื™ืกืš?

  • ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ/ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืฆื“ ื’ ื•ืœื—ืกื•ืš
  • ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžืžืŸ ืจื›ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ - ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™

ืฉืืœื” 3: ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื ืช?

ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื—ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื ื–ืง. ืื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื—ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ - ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.

4

ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 5 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช

ื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘! ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืคืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ 40-60% ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืืœ ืชืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ืจืืœ

ืžื’ื“ืœ

ื›ืœืœ

ื”ืคื ื™ืงืก

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ืฉื™ืจ

AIG

ื”ื›ืฉืจื”

ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ

ืžื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื”?

  • ืคืจืžื™ื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช - ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช
  • ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช - ื›ืžื” ืชืฉืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื”
  • ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ - ื”ืื ื›ืœื•ืœ? ืœื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื?
  • ื—ืœืคื™ื - ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ืœื™ืคื™ื™ื?
  • ืžื•ืกื›ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ - ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืกืš ื”ืกื“ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš?
  • ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื - ื”ืื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื? ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื?
5

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘

1

ืฉืœื ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™

ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื ืชื™ ืžืจืืฉ ื—ื•ืกืš 5-10% ืžื”ืคืจืžื™ื”. ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ 4,000 ืฉ"ื— ื–ื” ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 200-400 ืฉ"ื—.

2

ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช

ื”ืขืœืื” ืž-1,500 ืœ-3,000 ืฉ"ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš 15-25% ืžื”ืคืจืžื™ื”. ืžืฉืชืœื ืื ืืชื” ื ื”ื’ ื–ื”ื™ืจ.

3

ืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ

ื ื•ืกืข ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-10,000 ืง"ืž ื‘ืฉื ื”? ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืกื•ืš 20-40% ืžื”ืคืจืžื™ื”.

4

ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ

ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืฉืจืช (ืื™ืชื•ืจืืŸ, ืคื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจ) ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ื‘-10-20%.

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ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” - ืืœ ืชื—ื“ืฉ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช!

ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืžืฉืชื ื™ื. ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืžืื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘

ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ, ืฆื“ ื’ ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื”?
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ืกื” ืจืง ื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช (ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง). ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’ ืžื›ืกื” ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืจื›ื‘ ืื• ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš - ืชืื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ืืฉ, ื•ื ื“ืœื™ื–ื ื•ื ื–ืงื™ ื˜ื‘ืข. ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื: ื—ื•ื‘ื” 800-1,500 ืฉ"ื—, ืฆื“ ื’ 400-1,200 ืฉ"ื—, ืžืงื™ืฃ 2,500-8,000 ืฉ"ื—.
ื”ืื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœืจื›ื‘ ื™ืฉืŸ?
ื›ืœืœ ืืฆื‘ืข: ืื ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 10% ืžืขืจืš ื”ืจื›ื‘, ืฉืงื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฆื“ ื’ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืŸ 8 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” 30,000 ืฉ"ื— - ืื ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-3,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœืฉื ื”, ืฆื“ ื’ ืžืฉืชืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืฆื“ ื’ ืœื ืžื›ืกื” ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš.
ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ?
ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ืžื›ื™ืกืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” (1,000-1,500 ืฉ"ื—) ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ืื‘ืœ ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” (2,500-3,500 ืฉ"ื—) ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ื‘-15-25%. ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื”.
ืื™ืš ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘?
ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 5+ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (ืคืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ 40-60%!), ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืื ื ื•ืกืข ืžืขื˜, ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ, ืฉืœื ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ (ื—ื•ืกืš 5-10%), ื•ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื•ืชืง ืœืœื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ 15-30%.
ื”ืื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ืžื›ืกื” ื ื–ืงื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”?
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ ืžื›ืกื” ื ื–ืงื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ืŸ, ื‘ืจื“ ื•ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”. ื ื–ืงื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ืืœื ื“ืจืš ืงืจืŸ ืžืก ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉืœืš.
ืžื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”?
ื‘ื“ื•ืง: ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™, ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžื•ืกื›ื™ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ, ืชื ืื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ (ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื?), ื—ืœืคื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ืœื™ืคื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืชื ืื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื. ืงืจื ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื”!

ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘?

ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื•ืช - ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช

ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ
ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื ื