ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ื“ื•-ื’ืœื’ืœื™

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื•ืคื ื•ืข

ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืข ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื‘ื” (600-2,500 ืฉ"ื—) ื•ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ (1,500-5,000 ืฉ"ื—) ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชืื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ืคื— ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืข.

ืกื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ืกื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืคื ื•ืข

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื‘ื”

ื—ื•ื‘ื”

ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง - ืžื›ืกื” ื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”

ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ 600-2,500 ืฉ"ื—

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’

ืžื›ืกื” ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื

ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ 300-800 ืฉ"ื—

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื ื–ืง ืขืฆืžื™

ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ 1,500-5,000 ืฉ"ื—
ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื

ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ื ืคื— ืžื ื•ืข

ื ืคื— ืžื ื•ืข
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื‘ื”
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ
ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉ
ืขื“ 50 ืกืž"ืง (ืงื˜ื ื•ืข)
400-700 ืฉ"ื—
800-1,800 ืฉ"ื—
ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ AM
51-125 ืกืž"ืง
600-1,000 ืฉ"ื—
1,200-2,500 ืฉ"ื—
ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ A1
126-400 ืกืž"ืง
900-1,500 ืฉ"ื—
1,800-3,500 ืฉ"ื—
ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ A2
ืžืขืœ 400 ืกืž"ืง
1,200-2,500 ืฉ"ื—
2,500-5,000 ืฉ"ื—
ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ A
ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื

ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื”

ืงืกื“ื”, ืžืขื™ืœ, ื›ืคืคื•ืช, ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื - ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขื“ 5,000-10,000 ืฉ"ื—

ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื

ืฉืงื™ื•ืช, ืืจื’ื–ื™ื, ืžื’ื™ื ื™ ื™ื“ - ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื™ืฃ

ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”

ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื’ื ื™ื‘ื” - ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืกืคืง

ืชืื•ื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช

ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืœืš (ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ื‘ื”)

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื

ืื™ืš ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื•ืคื ื•ืข?

1

ื”ืชืงืŸ ืื–ืขืงื” ื•ืžืขืงื‘ GPS

ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืคืจืžื™ื” ืฉืœ 5-15% ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ

2

ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—

ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืจ ืื• ืขื ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื”

3

ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ื ืชื™ืช

ืื ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืขื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ

4

ืงื•ืจืก ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช

ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื” ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืงื•ืจืกื™ื

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื•ืคื ื•ืข

ื”ืื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืคื ื•ืข?
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื‘ื” - ื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืœื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืขื™ื. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’ ื•ืžืงื™ืฃ - ืจืฉื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ื ื™ื‘ื”.
ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื•ืคื ื•ืข?
ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ืคื— ื”ืžื ื•ืข: ืงื˜ื ื•ืข ืขื“ 50 ืกืž"ืง - ื—ื•ื‘ื” 400-700 ืฉ"ื—, ืžืงื™ืฃ 800-1,800 ืฉ"ื—. ืื•ืคื ื•ืข 125-400 ืกืž"ืง - ื—ื•ื‘ื” 900-1,500 ืฉ"ื—, ืžืงื™ืฃ 1,800-3,500 ืฉ"ื—. ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืขืœ 400 ืกืž"ืง - ื—ื•ื‘ื” 1,200-2,500 ืฉ"ื—, ืžืงื™ืฃ 2,500-5,000 ืฉ"ื—.
ื”ืื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—?
ืœื ืชืžื™ื“. ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ื“ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” (ืงืกื“ื”, ืžืขื™ืœ, ื›ืคืคื•ืช, ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื) - ืขืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื›-100-300 ืฉ"ื— ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ 5,000-10,000 ืฉ"ื—.
ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ื ื’ื ื‘?
ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” - ืชืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœืคื™ ืขืจืš ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืข (ื‘ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช). ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจืง ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืฆื“ ื’ - ืœื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™. ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ืื– ืžืงื™ืฃ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืžืื•ื“.
ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืงื˜ื ื•ืข ืœืื•ืคื ื•ืข?
ื›ืŸ. ืงื˜ื ื•ืข (ืขื“ 50 ืกืž"ืง) ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— - ื’ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื’ื ืžืงื™ืฃ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืคื— ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ (ืกื•ืคืจ-ืกืคื•ืจื˜) ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืคื ื•ืข ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ืื• ื ื™ื™ืงื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื ืคื—.

ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื•ืคื ื•ืข?

ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืื•ืคื ื•ืข ื•ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ
ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื ื