ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ื—ืกื›ื• ื›ืกืฃ

ืื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-15,000 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช? ืขื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืกื•ืš 15-40% ืžื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ื–ื• - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืœืžื“ 8 ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื–ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™.

ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืชื™

ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืขื ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื
1,500 ืฉ"ื— (500-3,000)
ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช
800 ืฉ"ื— (400-1,200)
ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื ืชื™
400 ืฉ"ื— (200-600)
ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก ื•ืชืง
1,200 ืฉ"ื— (600-2,000)
ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื“ื
500 ืฉ"ื— (200-800)
ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช
600 ืฉ"ื— (300-1,000)
ืกื”"ื› ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ: ืขื“ 5,000 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืฉื ื”
ื”ื˜ื™ืคื™ื

8 ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ื™ื™ืฉืžื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ

ื”ืฉื•ื• ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช

10-40% ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ

ื”ืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ื”ืฉื•ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช 3-5 ื”ืฆืขื•ืช.

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืื• ื‘ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืฆืžืื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ืืœ ืชืกืชืคืงื• ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ื”ืขืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช

15-25% ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ

ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื 1,500 ืฉ"ื—, ื‘ื—ืจื• 2,500 ืื• 3,500 ืฉ"ื—.

ืžืชืื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื“ืื• ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื”.

ืฉืœืžื• ืคืจืžื™ื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช

5-10% ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ

ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื ืชื™ ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื—ื•ืกืš ื“ืžื™ ืคืจื™ืกื” ื•ืžืขื ื™ืง ื”ื ื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช 3-8% ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™. ืื ืืคืฉืจ, ืฉืœืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืžืจืืฉ.

ืฆื‘ืจื• ื•ืชืง ืœืœื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช

15-30% ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ

ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืœืœื ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžื–ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ืช "ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก". ืื—ืจื™ 3-5 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-30%.

ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช (ืขื“ 2,000 ืฉ"ื—) ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉืชืœื ืœืฉืœื ืžื”ื›ื™ืก ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก.

ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ

5-15% ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ

ืื™ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ืชื•ืจ GPS ื•ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื“ื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื”.

ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ. ื‘ื“ืงื• ืžื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืคื™ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.

ืื™ื—ื“ื• ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช

5-15% ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ

ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื (ืจื›ื‘, ื“ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช) ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช ืžื–ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ืช "ืžืฉืคื—ื”" ืื• "ืœืงื•ื— ื ืืžืŸ".

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช.

ื‘ื—ืจื• ืžื•ืกืš ื”ืกื“ืจ

5-10% ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ

ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกืš ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืกืš ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื›ื ืžื–ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ื”.

ืžื•ืกื›ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืคื•ืงื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ: ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ: ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืกืš.

ื—ื“ืฉื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื ื”ืœื• ืžื•"ืž

5-15% ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ

ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ืงืฉื• ื”ื ื—ื”. ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืชื—ืจื” - ืกืคืจื• ืœื”ื.

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื”.

ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘
  • ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื ื”ื’ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื’ ืžืฉื ื™ ื•ืœื ืจืืฉื™
  • ื‘ื—ืจื• ืจื›ื‘ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื”
  • ืฉืงืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžืขื˜
  • ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœืจื›ื‘ ื™ืฉืŸ
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”
  • ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ืื–ืขืงื” ื•ืžื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
  • ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืจื™ืืœื™ืช - ืœื ืžื ื•ืคื—ืช
  • ื‘ื—ืจื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช
  • ื‘ื“ืงื• ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ืจืš ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
  • ื”ืฉื•ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืฉื‘"ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื
  • ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
  • ื‘ื“ืงื• ืื ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ืžืกืคืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
  • ื•ื•ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื
  • ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื™ืกืง ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจื™ืกืง ืžืฉื•ืœื‘
  • ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
  • ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื›ืฉื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”
  • ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ - ื—ื•ืกืš ืขื“ 50% ืžื”ืคืจืžื™ื”

ืืœ ืชื•ื•ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื”. ืืœ ืชื•ื•ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉืงืœื™ื. ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื.

  • ืืœ ืชื•ื•ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืื ืืชื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื
  • ืืœ ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื
  • ืืœ ืชื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ - ื–ื• ืขื™ืœื” ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื”
ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ื–ืœืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ืœื ื”ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ?

ื›ืŸ. ื ื”ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™: ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื ื”ื’ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืžืฉื ื™, ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ืžื•ื›ื” (1-8), ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช, ื•ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืขืงื‘ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” (ื˜ืœืžื˜ื™ืงื”).

ืžืชื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœืฆื“ ื’?

ื›ืœืœ ืืฆื‘ืข: ื›ืฉื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 8-10% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” 25,000 ืฉ"ื— ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืœ 3,000 ืฉ"ื— (12%) - ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืฆื“ ื’. ื‘ื“ืงื• ื’ื ืืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ - ืžืขืœ 7 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืฆื“ ื’ ืžืฉืชืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื”ืื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช?

ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช. ืื ืœื ืชื‘ืขืชื 3+ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื—ืกื•ืš ืœื›ื ื›ืกืฃ. ื›ืœืœ: ื•ื“ืื• ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžื”ื›ื™ืก ืœืœื ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื”.

ืื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื”?

ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื–ืขืงื” ื•ืžื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื (5-10% ื”ื ื—ื”), ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืจื™ืืœื™ ื•ืœื ืžื•ื’ื–ื, ื‘ื—ืจื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื™ื—ื“ื• ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ื”ืื ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ?

ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•"ืž ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืคื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืกื•ืš. ื–ื›ืจื•: ื”ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืžืœื” ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืœื ืžื›ื.

ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื•ืœืžื™ ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื?

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืกืข ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-10,000 ืง"ืž ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื ื™, ืื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-30-50%.

ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช?

ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ โ€” ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช.

ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื ื