ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืจ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” 50-250 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืฉื ื” ื•ืžื›ืกื” ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืžื‘ื ื”, ืชื›ื•ืœื” ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื™. ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื”: ืžืคืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื, ื•ืœืžื” ื–ื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช.

ืœืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘?

ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

50%

ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืจืขื™ื“ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘-50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช

1927

ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (6.2 ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ)

80-100

ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช

ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™-ืืคืจื™ืงืื™

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ืขืžืง ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื•ืขืจื‘ื”. ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืจืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ืจืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.

ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื

ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื

ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”

ืื–ื•ืจ ืจืžืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื ืชื™
ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื—ื™ืคื”, ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืฆืคืช, ืงืจื™ื•ืช 100-200 ืฉ"ื—
ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ, ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื” 70-150 ืฉ"ื—
ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™-ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” 80-170 ืฉ"ื—
ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืžื•ืš-ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข, ืืฉื“ื•ื“, ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ 50-120 ืฉ"ื—
ืขืžืง ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ, ืขืžืง ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช 150-250 ืฉ"ื—
ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื

ืžื” ืžื›ืกื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”?

ื ื–ืง ืœืžื‘ื ื”

ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื’ื’, ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช

ื ื–ืง ืœืชื›ื•ืœื”

ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ

ื”ืจื™ืกื” ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ

ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช

ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื™

ืขื“ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื

ื ื–ืง ืขืงื™ืฃ

ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ืขืกืง

ืฆื•ื ืืžื™

ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช

ืกื•ื’ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ

ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื’ื™ืœ ื•ืชืงืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ

ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ (ืชืž"ื 38)

ื”ื ื—ื” 20-30%

ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช

ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ (ืื—ืจื™ 1980)

ืžื—ื™ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ

ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™

ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ (ืœืคื ื™ 1980)

ืชื•ืกืคืช +30-50%

ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืงื•ืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” (8+)

ืชื•ืกืคืช +10-20%

ื ื–ืง ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”

ื˜ื™ืค ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื”

ื‘ื“ืงื• ืื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืชืž"ื 38 ืื• ื ื‘ื ื” ืœืคื™ ืชืงืŸ 413 (ืชืงืŸ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช). ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื–ืงื™ื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืคืจืžื™ื”.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”

ื”ืื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืจื’ื™ืœ?
ืœื. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื”ืขืœื•ืช: 50-250 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื, ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื–ื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ืžืื•ื“.
ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ?
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืจ ืกื•ืจื™-ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™. ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช (ืžืขืœ 6 ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ) ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›ืœ 80-100 ืฉื ื”. ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘-1927 (6.2 ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ). ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืจืขื™ื“ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘-50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›-50%.
ื”ืื ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืž"ื 38 ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”?
ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืจืžื™ื” ืžื•ื–ืœืช. ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืชืž"ื 38 ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ 20-30%. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื›ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื–ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืจืขื™ื“ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืื•ื“.
ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื”ืจืก ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ?
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉืœื ืืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืคื™ ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืงื‘ืขืชื. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืกื›ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื›ืกื” ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ืขื“ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืกื” ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื™.
ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”?
ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื–ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 10%-15% ืžืกื›ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ืื• ืกื›ื•ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ (ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื). ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื ื–ืง ืฉืœ 100,000 ืฉ"ื— ืชืฉืœืžื• 10,000-15,000 ืฉ"ื— ืžื›ื™ืกื›ื.

ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”?

ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— - ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช

ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ
ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื ื