ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ืžื•ืžืœืฅ 2026

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžื•ืžืœืฅ 2026

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” - ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื”. ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื”: ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช, ืžืชื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื, ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”.

ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช

ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืื•ืช: ื“ืฃ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืกืคืงื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ืื ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืื• ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื“ืจืš ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื•, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืžืœื” โ€” ืœืœื ืขืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœื™ื›ื. ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ื ืœื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืข ืœื›ื ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื

ืžื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ 2026

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช, ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื”, ื•ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื•

ื”ืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

ื”ืจืืœ

ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื”

ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืกืš ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืžื—ืงื™ ืžื“ื“

ืžื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื”ืฆืขื”:

ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืžื”ืคืงื“ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืชื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ
ืžืชืื™ื ืœ: ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืจื—ื‘

ืžื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

ืžื’ื“ืœ

ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื”

ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืœ (ืขื“ 50, 50-60, 60 ื•ืžืขืœื”) ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืžื“ื“ S&P 500

ืžื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื”ืฆืขื”:

ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืขืœื•ืช
ืžืชืื™ื ืœ: ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืœ ืื• ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื‘ื™

ื”ืคื ื™ืงืก ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื Plus

ื”ืคื ื™ืงืก

ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื”

ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœืขืฆืžืื™ื, ืœืฆื“ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื

ืžื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื”ืฆืขื”:

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืขืฆืžืื™ืื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื”ืคืงื“ื”ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ
ืžืชืื™ื ืœ: ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืžืจืืฉ

ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

ื›ืœืœ

ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื”

ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืžื“ื“ S&P 500

ืžื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื”ืฆืขื”:

ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืžื”ืคืงื“ื”ืชื ืื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื”
ืžืชืื™ื ืœ: ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื”

* ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื•"ืž ื•ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื”. ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืืคืจื™ืœ 2026.

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื vs ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื”

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืืคื™ืงื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ

ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ
ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืจื” 0.4-1.5% 0.2-0.5% ืคื ืกื™ื”
ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื”ืคืงื“ื•ืช 0-6% 0-2% ืคื ืกื™ื”
ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื ื”ืœื™ื
ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ื
ืชืฉื•ืื” ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช 5-8% 5-8% ืฉื•ื•ื”
ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžืก ืขื“ 35% ืขื“ 35% ืฉื•ื•ื”
ื”ืžืจื” ืœืงืฆื‘ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘-75% ืžื ื”ืœื™ื
ืžืชืื™ื ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” + ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”

ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”:

ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื - ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ืขื“ื™ืคื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืชืงืจื”, ืœืžื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื• ืœืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื”.

ืžืชื™ ืžืชืื™ื

ืžืชื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื?

ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื”ืชืงืจื”

ืื ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœืš ืžืขืœ ืชืงืจืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” (47,465 ืฉ"ื— ื‘-2026), ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžืก.

ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ (ืœื ืจืง "ื›ืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง").

ืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

ืขืฆืžืื™ ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืฉืชื ื”

ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืขืฆืžืื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.

ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื”

ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 45

ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื, ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ืขื“ื™ืคื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื.

ืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื’ื™ืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื”

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืฆื™ืข ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื”.

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื

ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื?

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ืœื•ืœ? ื”ืขืจื”
ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื (ืฉืื™ืจื™ื) ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช
ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืคืจืžื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ
ืจื™ืกืง ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืชืื•ื ื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื ืคืจื“ืช
ื ื›ื•ืช ืžืชืื•ื ื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื ืคืจื“ืช
ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื ืคืจื“ืช
ื˜ื™ืคื™ื

6 ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

1

ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ

ืืœ ืชืกืชืคืง ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ - ื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืฆืขื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืžื•"ืž.

2

ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžืงื“ื ื”ื”ืžืจื”

ืžืงื“ื ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ืžื” ืงืฆื‘ื” ืชืงื‘ืœ. ืžืงื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘ = ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื”.

3

ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ

ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื•ืชืื ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœืš ื•ืœื ืจืง "ืœื›ืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืกื‘ื™ืจ".

4

ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช

ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืขืชื™ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืžืจืื” ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ. ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช 5-10 ืฉื ื™ื.

5

ื”ื‘ืŸ ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืžืœื•ืช

ื™ืฉ ืขืžืœื” ืžื”ืคืงื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืฆื‘ื™ืจื”. ื’ื 0.5% ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืš 30 ืฉื ื”.

6

ืฉืงื•ืœ ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช

ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืงืจืŸ ืื—ืจืช - ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืงื ืกื•ืช?

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื 2026 - ื”ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื• ืฉืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ืขื“ื™ืคื”?

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ื•ืชื™ืง ืฉื ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ืžืงื™ืคื”. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœ 40,000 ืฉ"ื—, ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ืžื ืฆื—ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ: ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘-0.3-0.5% ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืœืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืืœื˜ืฉื•ืœืจ ืฉื—ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš - ืขื 8.9-9.2% ืชืฉื•ืื” ืœ-5 ืฉื ื™ื. ืžื’ื“ืœ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืœื ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื: ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืชืงืจืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” (47,465 ืฉ"ื— ื‘-2026) ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง. ืื ืืชื ืขืฆืžืื™ื ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืฉืชื ื” - ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.

ื˜ื™ืค ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™: ื‘ืงืฉื• ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžืกืคืจื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” - ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœื›ื

ื›ืœ ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžื•ืœ ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ืžืงื™ืคื” - ื–ื” ื—ื•ืง. ื‘ืงืฉื• ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ืจื›ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื“ืžื™ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš 30 ืฉื ื”. ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 0.3% ื‘ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื = ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 80,000-150,000 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื”. ืื ื”ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกืจื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ - ืฆืื• ืžื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื”.

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืื• ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” - ืžื” ืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ื?

ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืขื ืฉื›ืจ ืขื“ 40,000 ืฉ"ื—

โ† ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืขื“ื™ืคื” - ื‘ื—ืจื• ืืœื˜ืฉื•ืœืจ ืฉื—ื ืื• ืžื™ื˜ื‘. ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื + ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื = ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืขื ืฉื›ืจ ืžืขืœ 47,000 ืฉ"ื— ืื• ืขืฆืžืื™

โ† ืฉืงืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื - ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” + ืงืจืŸ ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช

ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ (ืจื•ืคื, ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ)

โ† ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืขื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ "ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™" ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ - ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ืžื›ืกื” ืจืง "ื›ืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง". ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ืื ืชื™ืคื’ืขื•

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื”?
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ (0.4-1.5% ืžืฆื‘ื™ืจื”). ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขื ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื (0.2-0.5%) ื•ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ืขื“ื™ืคื”. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืื• ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื?
ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ: ืžื”ืฆื‘ื™ืจื” (0.4-1.5% ื‘ืฉื ื”) ื•ืžื”ืคืงื“ื•ืช (0-6%). ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืขื ืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ 500,000 ืฉ"ื— ื•ื“ืžื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ 0.8%, ืชืฉืœื 4,000 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžื”ืฆื‘ื™ืจื”. ื”ื•ืกืฃ ืœื–ื” 2-4% ืžื”ื”ืคืงื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•"ืž ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ.
ื”ืื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื?
ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื - ืœื. ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ื–ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื. ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื›ื“ืื™ืช ืจืง ืื: 1) ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœืš ืžืขืœ ืชืงืจืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” 2) ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืžื•ืชืื 3) ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื”. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” - ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ื™.
ืžื”ื• ืžืงื“ื ื”ื”ืžืจื” ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
ืžืงื“ื ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ืžื” ืงืฆื‘ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื›ืœ 1,000 ืฉ"ื— ืฉื—ืกื›ืช. ืžืงื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื 200+ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ 200 ืฉ"ื— ืงืฆื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ 1,000 ืฉ"ื— ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ). ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื”. ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืชืžื™ื.
ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื?
ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ: ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื (ืขื“ 40) - ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื ื™ื™ืชื™/ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ (ืชืฉื•ืื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”). ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื (40-55) - ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ. ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื (55+) - ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื•ืœื™ื“ื™/ืื’"ื— (ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช). ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื’ื "ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื’ื™ืœ" ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช.
ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“?
ืื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืคืงื™ื“, ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืชืฉื•ืื”. ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘: ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื™ื (ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ) ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืงื•ืข ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืงื“ื•ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ "ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ืช" - ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ.

ืจืื” ื’ื:

ืคื ืกื™ื” ื•ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืงืจืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื” ืงื•ืคืช ื’ืžืœ ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ื vs ืคื ืกื™ื”

ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืš?

ื”ืฉืืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื—ื™ื ื ืžื™ื•ืขืฅ ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืกืžืš

ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื—ื™ื ื
ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื ื