ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ืœื”ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ

ื˜ืกื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ? ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื›ืกื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืข 28-32, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื”: ืžื” ืžื›ื•ืกื”, ืขื“ ืžืชื™, ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.

ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ
ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืช
ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืข 12 ืจื’ื™ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”
ืฉื‘ื•ืข 12-24 ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ
ืฉื‘ื•ืข 24-28 ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ืกื•ืช
ืฉื‘ื•ืข 28-32 ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืจืง ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืžื›ืกื•ืช
ืžืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข 32 ืœื ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืืฃ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ื—ืช
ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื

ืžื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื•ืžื” ืœื?

ืžื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื•ืžื” ืœื?
ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื›ื•ืกื”? ื”ืขืจื•ืช
ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื, ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”
ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืขื“ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื”
ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“, ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื
ืœื™ื“ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ืจืคื•ืื™
ื”ืคืœื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช
ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ื“ื” ืื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ
ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”

ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื”

ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื•ืœื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื, ื•ืœื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืœื”

ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื”
ื”ืฉืืœื” ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžื” ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื
ืขื“ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžื›ืกื”? ื–ื” ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžื“ื“ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”. ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืงืฉื• ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ื•ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืจืฉืžื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”.
ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื›ื•ืกื”, ื•ืžื” ืœื? ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื’ืจื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ืืฃ ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช. ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ืกื” ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืš ืคืชืื•ืžื™, ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคื’. ื‘ืงืฉื• ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘, ื•ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื—ืจื’.
ื”ืื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ? ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคื’ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืžืจืฅ ื™ื™ืœื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืื. ืฉืืœื• ืžื” ืชืงืจืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืœื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ื˜ืกื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื”ืฆื”ืจืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืš ืงื•ื“ื? ืื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืœื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™. ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืชื‘, ื•ื‘ืงืฉื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ.
ืชืฉืœื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“? ืืฉืคื•ื– ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืื• ืคื’ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื, ื•ืกื›ื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืžืžืŸ ืžืจืืฉ. ืฉืืœื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืื™ืš ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื•ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
ื˜ื™ืคื™ื

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื

1

ืงื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื•ืงื“ื

ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ

2

ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ

ืืœ ืชืกืชื™ืจื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ - ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™

3

ื‘ื“ืงื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื”

ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ

4

ืงื—ื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื

ื”ืขืชืง ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืžืขืงื‘ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ

ื”ืื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืžื›ืกื” ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ?
ืœื. ืœื™ื“ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” (ื’ื ืื ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช) ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžื›ื•ืกื”. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื›ืกื” ืจืง ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื. ืื ืืช ืžืชื›ื ื ืช ืœืœื“ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ (ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”) ืื• ืœืฉืœื ืžื›ื™ืก.
ืขื“ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ื•ืก?
ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ืก ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืข 36 (ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ) ืขื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืข 28. ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ - ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื“ืงื™ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช.
ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืš ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ?
ื”ืชืงืฉืจื™ ืžื™ื“ ืœืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื”ื ื™ืคื ื• ืื•ืชืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ื, ื™ืืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ื™ื˜ืคืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ืฉืžืจื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื. ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” - ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื›ืกื” ื’ื ืœื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ืœื•ื•ืช.
ื”ืื ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—?
ืื ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื (ืกื•ื›ืจืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืจืขืœืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•'), ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ืจื’ื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ืกื• ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ?
ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื’ื™ืœ (50-150 ืฉ"ื— ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข), ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ 30-100%. ืœืžืฉืœ: ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื™ืขืœื” 70-200 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื 40-80 ืฉ"ื—. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขื•ืœื”.

ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช?

ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ โ€” ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช.

ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื ื