ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื

ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—? ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืžืœื

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ืฉืžืข ืžืกื•ื‘ืš, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜: ืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ืงืฆืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”. ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืื™ืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ, ื•ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืœื™ ื–'ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื.

ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ

ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืขืฆื?

ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื›ืžื• ืงืจืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ืจืขื™ื. ืืœืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ 100 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืงื•ืคื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ืžืชื•ื›ื, ืื•ืœื™ 10 ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืขื–ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื” - ื•ืื– ื”ืงื•ืคื” ืชืฉืœื ืœื”ื.

ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ: ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืกื›ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื”ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืกื›ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืขืžืœื”.

ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“? ื›ื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืœื•ื. ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”. ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 1% ืœืชืื•ื ื”, ืžืชื•ืš 1,000 ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืจืง 10 ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™. ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”-990 ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™.

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”:

1,000 ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืœืžื™ื 3,000 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ. ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ: 3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืฉื ื”. ืžืชื•ื›ื, 30 ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื’ื ื‘ื• (ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช). ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžืžื•ืฆืข: 80,000 ืฉ"ื—. ืกื”"ื› ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื: 2.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื—. 600,000 ืฉ"ื— ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื•ื—.

ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช

ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—?

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ืš ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš:

ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื

ืคื’ืขืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื•? ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฆื“ ื’' ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ืžื›ื™ืกืš ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ.

ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช

ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช 50,000-200,000 ืฉ"ื—. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉืœื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืš.

ื ื–ืง ืœื“ื™ืจื”

ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืื• ื”ืฆืคื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื›ืกื”.

ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืคืจื ืก

ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืงืจื” ืœืš - ืžื™ ื™ืคืจื ืก ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”? ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ.

ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”: ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืœ "ืœื–ืจื•ืง ื›ืกืฃ" - ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ืกื›ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื‘ื“ืช ืขืœื™ื•.

ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ?

1

ืงื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”

ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืคืจืžื™ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ืช

2

ืงื•ืจื” ืื™ืจื•ืข

ืชืื•ื ื”, ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ืžื—ืœื” - ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื›ืกื”

3

ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืชื‘ื™ืขื”

ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

4

ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™

ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉืœื (ื‘ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช)

ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช:

  • ืชืขื“ ืžื™ื“: ืฆืœื, ืฉืžื•ืจ ืงื‘ืœื•ืช, ืจืฉื•ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื. ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ = ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืงืœื”.
  • ื“ื•ื•ื— ืžื”ืจ: ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ื. ืืœ ืชื—ื›ื”.
  • ืงืจื ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”: ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ืืžืช ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžืฆืคื” ืœื›ืกืฃ.
  • ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช: ืชืฉืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื™ืกืš. ืงื— ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื

ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

8 ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”

ืคืจืžื™ื”

ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”

ื”ืžืกืžืš ืฉืžืคืจื˜ ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ืชื‘ื™ืขื”

ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช

ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื”

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™

ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉืœื ืขืœื™ื•

ื—ืจื™ื’

ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ืžื›ืกื”

ืžื•ื˜ื‘

ืžื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื

ื—ื™ืชื•ื

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื

ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ื›ื•ืŸ?

1

ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžื” ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื - ืžื” ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ืกื•ืช? ืžื” ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘? ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืš?

2

ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื - ืชืžื™ื“

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-30-50%. ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื™, ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ื”.

3

ืงืจื ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื

ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืžื›ื•ืกื”. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืœื ืžื›ื•ืกื”. ืฉื ืžืกืชืชืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช.

4

ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื–ื•ืœ ืขื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืข = ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ. ืงืจื ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช, ืฉืืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ื›ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื?

5

ืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช

ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” = ืคืจืžื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืš.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืฉืคื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”?
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ืกื›ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข (ืคืจืžื™ื”) ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฉืœื ืœืš ืกื›ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื ืงื•ืจื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื (ื›ืžื• ืชืื•ื ื”, ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืžื—ืœื”). ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช - ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืงืฆืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื”ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื”.
ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—?
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ืš ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘, ืชืื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื. ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคืจื˜ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื - ืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ืงืฆืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœืกื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ.
ืžื” ื–ื” ืคืจืžื™ื” ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืชื‘ื™ืขื”?
ืคืจืžื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— (ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืื• ืฉื ืชื™). ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื›ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื›ื•ืกื”. ืื ืืชื” ืžืฉืœื 200 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ (ืคืจืžื™ื”) ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ ืœืš ื”ืจื›ื‘ - ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™.
ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจืฉื•ืช?
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชืš ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ (ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ื”). ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืจืฆื•ื ืš (ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœืจื›ื‘, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช). ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื ืจืฉื•ืช.
ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—?
ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื: 1) ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžื” ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื•ืžื” ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœืš. 2) ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช - ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. 3) ืงืจื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื - ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ. 4) ื‘ื“ื•ืง ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื–ื•ืœ ืขื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืข ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื”.

ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช?

ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— - ื‘ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืœืš ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช?

ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ โ€” ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช.

ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื ื